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In Linux, regular expressions (regex) empower you to locate and filter text in files far beyond simple string matching. In this first part of our series, you will learn basic regex operators and how to craft simple yet powerful patterns with grep. Imagine you need to extract every IPv4 address (e.g., 203.102.3.5) from hundreds of configuration files. A naive approach that searches for “digit–dot–digit” ([0-9]\.[0-9]) would also match incomplete fragments like 1.2. By combining regex operators, you can define precise constraints and avoid false positives:
The image shows a grid of ten dark-themed code editor windows displaying configuration files with highlighted IP addresses. The text appears to be related to system or network configurations.
In mathematics, we often define a variable x by specifying its domain and constraints:
Let x be an integer, x > 3, and x < 8.
Then x ∈ .
The image shows a mathematical puzzle with conditions for an integer ( x ) where ( x > 3 ) and ( x < 8 ), with a sequence of numbers starting at 3 and ending at 8.
Regular expressions use a similar principle: you combine operators to specify exactly what a match should look like. Below is a quick reference of common regex metacharacters:
MetacharacterMeaning
^Anchor to the start of a line
$Anchor to the end of a line
.Any single character
*Zero or more of the preceding element
+One or more of the preceding element
{n,m}Between n and m occurrences
?Zero or one occurrence
``Alternation (OR)
[]Character class
()Grouping
[^ ]Negated character class
The image displays a set of regex operators, including symbols like ^, $, ., *, +, {}, ?, |, [], (), and [^].

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1. Matching at the Beginning of a Line (^)

Consider a file names.txt containing: 
$ cat names.txt
adam
adnan
basam
samad
samuel
sheela
ravi
mausami
A plain search for sam returns any line with that substring: 
$ grep 'sam' names.txt
basam
samad
samuel
mausami
To match only lines that start with sam, prefix your pattern with ^: 
$ grep '^sam' names.txt
samad
samuel

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2. Matching at the End of a Line ($)

Similarly, to find entries ending in sam, append $ to the pattern: 
$ grep 'sam$' names.txt
basam
You can also apply this to system files, for example, looking for lines in /etc/login.defs that end with the digit 7: 
$ grep '7' /etc/login.defs
# 022 is the default value, but 027, or even 077, could be considered
HOME_MODE       0700
PASS_WARN_AGE   7

$ grep '7$' /etc/login.defs
PASS_WARN_AGE   7

$ grep 'mail$' /etc/login.defs
MAIL_DIR       /var/spool/mail
#MAIL_FILE     .mail

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3. The Dot (.) — Any Single Character

A period in regex matches exactly one character. For instance, c.t matches cat, cut, or c1t, but not ct. 
$ grep -r 'c.t' /etc/
/etc/man_db.conf:# manpath. If no catpath string is used, the catpath will default to the
/etc/man_db.conf:# the database cache for any manpaths not mentioned below unless explicitly
...
To restrict matches to whole words, use the -w flag: 
$ grep -wr 'c.t' /etc/
/etc/brltty/Input/mn/all.txt:Left: append to existing cut buffer from selected character
...

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3.1 Escaping the Dot

If your goal is to match a literal dot (.), escape it with a backslash: 
$ grep '\.' /etc/login.defs

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4. The Asterisk (*) — Zero or More

The asterisk applies to the element immediately before it, allowing that element to repeat zero or more times. For example, let* matches le, let, lett, letttt, etc.: 
$ grep -r 'let*' /etc/
/etc/pnm2ppa.conf:#papersize letter    # this is the default
/etc/pnm2ppa.conf:#papersize legal
You can combine . and * to match any sequence of characters. For instance, extracting paths enclosed by slashes: 
$ grep -r '/.*/' /etc/
/etc/man_db.conf:# before /usr/man.
/etc/man_db.conf:MANDB_MAP /usr/man
...

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5. The Plus (+) — One or More

In basic grep, the + is not treated specially unless escaped. Use \+ to indicate “one or more” of the preceding item: 
$ grep -r '0*' /etc/
$ grep -r '0\+' /etc/
/etc/pnm2ppa.conf:#colorshear 0
/etc/pnm2ppa.conf:#blackshear 0
...
Basic grep requires escaping ?, +, |, (, and ). To leverage these metacharacters without backslashes, switch to extended regex mode using grep -E or the egrep command.
By combining these core operators, you can design precise search patterns to sift through logs, configuration files, or any text data on your Linux system.

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Further Reading and References

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